bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. Leon Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in 1959. The people with whom a person identifies most strongly are called the________. Don't see what you need? Physical attractiveness is most involved in which of the following aspects of persuasion? soc. Subjects were subjected to a boring experience and then paid to tell someone that the experience had been interesting and enjoyable. The resulting dissonance could, of course, most directly be reduced by persuading themselves that the tasks were, indeed, interesting and enjoyable. On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. /Linearized 1.0 FESTINGER, L. A theory of cognitive dissonance. {"cdnAssetsUrl":"","site_dot_caption":"Cram.com","premium_user":false,"premium_set":false,"payreferer":"clone_set","payreferer_set_title":"Psychology Chapter 12","payreferer_url":"\/flashcards\/copy\/psychology-chapter-12-1964384","isGuest":true,"ga_id":"UA-272909-1","facebook":{"clientId":"363499237066029","version":"v12.0","language":"en_US"}}. /Text startxref When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. /Resources 50 0 R 109 0 obj <>stream Create your own unique website with customizable templates. The theory was first introduced in his 1957 book A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and further elaborated in the article Cognitive Consequences of Forced Compliance (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959). When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. What Is Cognitive Dissonance? Definition and Examples - Simply Psychology A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. A person demanding for _______ has power or authority to command a behavioral change, rather than just ask for a change. The present experiment was designed to test this derivation under controlled, laboratory conditions. /Info 46 0 R 80 0 obj <> endobj The fact that a social role can lead to an increase in aggressive behavior points to _____as a major contributor to aggression. /Parent 45 0 R "Look, Officer, I didn't see the stop sign back there because the sun was in my eyes" The police officer responds, "You were not paying attention." From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. Harry's belief is based on. If you already know how to turn off your ad blocker, just hit the refresh icon or F5 after you do it, to see the page. In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. The average ratings on this question, presented in the first row of figures in Table 1, are the results most important to the experiment. Selena has just used the, Changing ones behavior due to a direct order of an authority figure is referred to as. 0000012870 00000 n Those who were paid $1 rated the activity a positive 1.35 (+1.35), while those who were paid $20 gave it a rating of negative 0.5 (-0.5). This illustrates, If Julie holds the specific attitude that smoking is bad and will likely have an adverse effect on her health, possibly causing lung cancer or emphysema, Julie is, more likely to match her behavior to her attitude by not smoking, When trying to persuade an audience, the message should. The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. hXr8=fj*!US%mfy l8oIbR0Bn t7!g] %>))BI0` 98sUx GHM. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as We felt it was important to show that the effect was not a completely general one but was specific to the content of the dissonance which was created. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). Results and Conclusions - Festinger-Carlsmith In explaining our own behavior, we tend to use situational attributions rather than personal, which is, When prejudicial attitudes cause members of a particular social group to be treated differently than the others in situations that call for equal treatment, it is called. Social Researcher. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. This has many practical implications. Eddie has made the _________. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. Six chapters are new to this book; two are reprints of chapters . A Theory Of Cognitive Dissonance Theory By Leon Festinger The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. Psychol., 1954, 49, 211-218. Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. /ImageB Which of the following researchers conducted a series of studies on conformity that involved having a subject judge the length of three lines after a group of confederates all reported an obviously incorrect answer? 49 0 obj An experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) brought cognitive dissonance theory to the attention of American social psychologists. (The secretary had left the office.) Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. Thus, with self-selection of who did and who did not make the required overt statement and with varying percentages of subjects in the different conditions who did make the requsted statement, no interpretation of the data can be unequivocal. Let us consider a person who privately holds opinion "X" but has, as a result of pressure brought to bear on him publicly stated that he believes "not X.". ] 60 0 obj Evanston, Ill: Row Peterson, 1957. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. Rating scale 0 to 10. They did not have to change their attitudes to lie because the money served as ample justification (Cognitive Dissonance). The participants were asked to carry out series of monotonous tasks that were meant to be boring and nonsensical. Like in every other study, there are some responses that are deemed to be invalid. This is. These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. Which of the following statements about stereotypes is FALSE? hb```s cB@q^2cTaX-mhp\fQgfL7uM^FD0a!&MMtm#4 3;:$:AGCk!;R )b0Hq$q4sX za4],JJAb$de\"p .j,D VZS oldfinal.rtf - Psychological Sciences Participants were asked, "Would you please tell the next subject in line that the experiment was fun and enjoyable?" This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. Kelman (1953) tried to pursue the matter further. Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation? 0000000015 00000 n The result that the Twenty Dollar condition is actually lower than the Control condition is undoubtedly a matter of chance (t = 0.58). endobj Instead the opposite happened. Their attitudes changed to fit their behavior, reducing the uncomfortable feeling of dissonance. Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure He then left saying he would return in a couple of minutes. One other point before we proceed to examine the data. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring The students were asked to perform a tedious task involving using one hand to turn small spools a quarter clockwise turn. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) conducted one of the first studies examining cognitive dissonance. Which is (farther, farthest) away, the library of the park? Don't see what you need? It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? Cognitive dissonance theory is the theory that we act to reduce discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent (Myers 2007). This manufacturer is depending on the social process of______ to increase sales. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . The first area is whether the tasks were interesting and enjoyable at all. Furthermore, since the pressure to reduce dissonance will be a function of the magnitude of the dissonance, the observed opinion change should be greatest when the pressure used to elicit the overt behavior is just sufficient to do it. Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. hbbd``b` H? This is an example of_______ cause. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. How would a social psychologist describe this situation? What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? A theory of cognitive dissonance. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. Results of the experiment showed that even though the tasks were indeed boring and uninteresting, the unpaid control group rated the activity a negative 0.45 (-0.45). These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. correct. He introduced the girl and the S to one another saying that the S had just finished the experiment and would tell her something about it. Social Researcher. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? endstream The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. 2. Rating scale 0 to 10. Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. [/PDF Behaviorists would have predict that a reinforcement 20 times bigger would produce more change. Intro to Social psy chapter 4 Flashcards | Quizlet To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. A person who is very low in self-worth is less likely to be affected by the_____.
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festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet